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Many other Scientologist-run services and companies belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management teachings, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs expansion. You can assist by adding to it. In order to facilitate the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or highly regarded individuals. Scientology. Though it has actually attained some trustworthiness as a faith in lots of nations, Scientology has actually likewise been referred to as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Video game people it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue go to the website Service had at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential shift team obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was developed with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and committed among the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by a company not affiliated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The discover this info here criminal activity dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past used aggressive techniques in addressing those it sees as attempting to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.